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habitual offender
A habitual offender or career criminal is a person convicted of a new crime who was previously convicted of a crime(s).〔(Habitual Criminal | Nolo's Free Dictionary of Law Terms and Legal Definitions )〕 Various state and jurisdictions may have laws targeting habitual offenders, and specifically providing for enhanced or exemplary punishments or other sanctions. They are designed to counter criminal recidivism by physical incapacitation via imprisonment.
The nature, scope and type of habitual offender statutes vary, but generally they apply when a person has been convicted twice for various crimes. Some codes may differentiate between classes of crimes (for example, some codes only deal with violent crime) and the length of time between convictions. Usually the sentence is greatly enhanced, in some circumstances it may be substantially more than the maximum sentence for the crime.
Habitual offender laws may provide for mandatory sentencing - in which a minimum sentence must be imposed, or may allow judicial discretion in allowing the court to determine a proper sentence. One example of a habitual offender statute is a provision requiring the revocation of a driver's license for a person convicted multiple times of driving under the influence
The practice of imposing longer prison sentences on repeat offenders than on first-time offenders who commit the same crime is not an innovation.〔Franklin E. Zimring, Gordon Hawkins, and Sam Kamin, ''Punishment and Democracy: Three Strikes and You're Out in California'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 4.〕 For example, New York has a persistent felony offender law that dates back to the late 19th century. These early habitual offender laws did not provide for mandatory sentencing.
==In specific jurisdictions==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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